Draw the other geometric isomer and give its full name. Solution In the Figure 9 , the two chlorine ligands occupy cis positions. The other form is shown in Figure When naming specific isomers, the descriptor is listed in front of the name. Therefore, this complex is trans -diaminedichloroplatinum II.
Another important type of isomers are optical isomers , or enantiomers , in which two objects are exact mirror images of each other but cannot be lined up so that all parts match. This means that optical isomers are nonsuperimposable mirror images.
A classic example of this is a pair of hands, in which the right and left hand are mirror images of one another but cannot be superimposed. Optical isomers are very important in organic and biochemistry because living systems often incorporate one specific optical isomer and not the other.
Unlike geometric isomers, pairs of optical isomers have identical properties boiling point, polarity, solubility, etc. Optical isomers differ only in the way they affect polarized light and how they react with other optical isomers. These two isomers will react differently with other optical isomers. Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms.
For example, the CN ligand can bind through the carbon atom cyano or through the nitrogen atom isocyano. Ionization isomers or coordination isomers occur when one anionic ligand in the inner coordination sphere is replaced with the counter ion from the outer coordination sphere. Chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants, is a complex that contains magnesium Figure This is an example of a main group element in a coordination complex.
Plants appear green because chlorophyll absorbs red and purple light; the reflected light consequently appears green. The energy resulting from the absorption of light is used in photosynthesis.
One of the most important applications of transition metals is as industrial catalysts. As you recall from the chapter on kinetics, a catalyst increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy and is regenerated in the catalytic cycle. The ability to bind ligands and change oxidation states makes transition metal catalysts well suited for catalytic applications. Vanadium oxide is used to produce ,, tons of sulfuric acid worldwide each year, which in turn is used to make everything from fertilizers to cans for food.
Plastics are made with the aid of transition metal catalysts, along with detergents, fertilizers, paints, and more see Figure Very complicated pharmaceuticals are manufactured with catalysts that are selective, reacting with one specific bond out of a large number of possibilities.
Catalysts allow processes to be more economical and more environmentally friendly. Developing new catalysts and better understanding of existing systems are important areas of current research.
Her research combines the fields of fundamental inorganic and physical chemistry with materials engineering.
She is working on many different projects that rely on transition metals. For example, one type of compound she is developing captures carbon dioxide waste from power plants and catalytically converts it into useful products see Figure This has many potential useful applications, from powering cars with hydrogen fuel cells to making better electronics components. Although not a complex, self-darkening sunglasses are an example of a photoactive substance.
Watch this video to learn more about this research and listen to Dr. Many other coordination complexes are also brightly colored. The square planar copper II complex phthalocyanine blue from Figure 14 is one of many complexes used as pigments or dyes. This complex is used in blue ink, blue jeans, and certain blue paints. The structure of heme Figure 18 , the iron-containing complex in hemoglobin, is very similar to that in chlorophyll. In hemoglobin, the red heme complex is bonded to a large protein molecule globin by the attachment of the protein to the heme ligand.
Oxygen molecules are transported by hemoglobin in the blood by being bound to the iron center. When the hemoglobin loses its oxygen, the color changes to a bluish red.
Many metal ions are also undesirable in food products because these ions can catalyze reactions that change the color of food. Coordination complexes are useful as preservatives. This ligand also is used to sequester metal ions in paper production, textiles, and detergents, and has pharmaceutical uses. Complexing agents that tie up metal ions are also used as drugs.
BAL is now used to treat poisoning by heavy metals, such as arsenic, mercury, thallium, and chromium. The drug is a ligand and functions by making a water-soluble chelate of the metal; the kidneys eliminate this metal chelate Figure As the transfused blood breaks down, the usual metabolic processes that remove iron are overloaded, and excess iron can build up to fatal levels.
Enterobactin forms a water-soluble complex with excess iron, and the body can safely eliminate this complex. Chelation Therapy Ligands like BAL and enterobactin are important in medical treatments for heavy metal poisoning. However, chelation therapies can disrupt the normal concentration of ions in the body, leading to serious side effects, so researchers are searching for new chelation drugs. Identify which atoms in this molecule could act as donor atoms. Solution All of the oxygen and sulfur atoms have lone pairs of electrons that can be used to coordinate to a metal center, so there are six possible donor atoms.
Ligands are ions or neutral molecules that bond to a central metal atom or ion. Ligands act as Lewis bases electron pair donors , and the central atom acts as a Lewis acid electron pair acceptor. Ligands have at least one donor atom with an electron pair used to form covalent bonds with the central atom. The term ligand come from the latin word ligare which meaning to bind was first used by Alfred Stock in in relation to silicon chemistry. Ligands can be anions, cations, or neutral molecules.
Ligands can be further characterized as monodentate, bidentate, tridentate etc. A monodentate ligand has only one donor atom used to bond to the central metal atom or ion. The term "monodentate" can be translated as "one tooth," referring to the ligand binding to the center through only one atom. Some examples of monodentate ligands are: chloride ions referred to as chloro when it is a ligand , water referred to as aqua when it is a ligand , hydroxide ions referred to as hydroxo when it is a ligand , and ammonia referred to as ammine when it is a ligand.
Bidentate ligands have two donor atoms which allow them to bind to a central metal atom or ion at two points. Common examples of bidentate ligands are ethylenediamine en , and the oxalate ion ox.
Shown below is a diagram of ethylenediamine: the nitrogen blue atoms on the edges each have two free electrons that can be used to bond to a central metal atom or ion. Polydentate ligands range in the number of atoms used to bond to a central metal atom or ion.
EDTA, a hexadentate ligand, is an example of a polydentate ligand that has six donor atoms with electron pairs that can be used to bond to a central metal atom or ion. Unlike polydentate ligands, ambidentate ligands can attach to the central atom in two places.
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