There are no specific connectivity barriers for landlocked countries to access air transportation e. Zurich is a major air transport hub in Europe. Still, landlocked countries tend to be less connected because of their lower levels of development. Skip to content Landlocked Countries A landlocked country does not have access to the ocean since the nearest coast is in another administrative unit. For landlocked countries in the developing world, the following issues are particularly prevalent: Difficulties in accessing international markets and a dependency on the stability and openness of neighboring countries to ensure reliable access to international markets.
Economies that are reliant on the resource sector, such as agriculture and mining. Photo: Grain storage in Kanengo, Malawi. For LLDCs, their seaborne trade almost always must transit through other countries, mostly also developing countries—a process which involves dealing with cumbersome border-crossing procedures and inadequate transit transport infrastructure.
Thus, although LLDCs already face other development challenges, they also face substantially increased costs for trade and transport because of their geographic location. Moreover, of the 32 LLDCs 17 are classified as least developed. Their remoteness from major world markets is the principal reason why many LLDCs have had less success in mitigating consequences caused by their geographical handicap as compared to landlocked countries in Europe.
Landlocked developed countries of Europe are surrounded by major developed markets and their seaborne trade accounts for a relatively small part of their external trade. Their export is mainly high value added products and their distance from seaports is comparatively short.
The distances involved in most cases of LLDCs are excessive. They seriously constrain the transformation of the economies of the LLDCs. But there have been many positive developments during the implementation of the Programme of Action. Progress has been slower in other areas. Such is the case of implementation of regional cooperation schemes to facilitate transit of goods, or reform of the services sector such as trucking.
LLDCs are involved in many bilateral, regional, and even multi-lateral agreements. However, quite often, many transit agreements are written very loosely and do not always specify the ways governments can implement and administer them.
Also, there are some overlaps and conflicts. Some agreements such as bilateral treaties tend to be protectionist, and not conducive to the development of quality services. For the next decade, policy makers and development practitioners need to maintain focus in several areas to reduce trade costs and promote growth. Despite significant progresses in trade facilitation, many challenges remain, especially in better integrating border management and facilitation of procedures beyond customs interventions of other control agencies.
However, it offers only a partial solution because its main focus is limited to customs administration, use of an IT system, and access to information. The Bali TF Agreement describes some aspects of the governance mechanism including establishment of a new Trade Facilitation Committee and possible subsidiary institutions, but much of it still needs to be finalized. The actual benefits of this FTA package will depend on the swift ratification of the agreement.
Finally, a push is overdue in two related areas, which are by nature regional and cross border: reform of the trucking sector and implementation of transit regimes. There have been some reforms to transit regimes, including initiatives to govern the cross-border movement of transport vehicles, but these have only achieved partial success. The new efforts should focus on improving the transit regime, reforming transport market regulation, optimizing multimodal and railroad potential, and exploring air cargo transportation.
More decisive action is needed to seriously address implementation barriers and to improve efficiency of transit systems, following the TIR or European transit principles. These should include:. Publications and data sets that raise awareness and disseminate knowledge of what policies work and what do not work.
These include in-depth publications on specific issues such as border management and corridor management. Promotion of technical assistance or investment projects in LLDCs or their transit countries to improve their connectivity transport, ICT…. In addition, the WBG targeted trade and transport facilitation reforms — especially on corridors — with the Trade Facilitation Facility, a trust fund set up in
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